what do you mean by apartheid

People of Indian ancestry were considered Coloured under this act. In theory, self-governing Bantustans had control over many aspects of their internal functioning but were not yet sovereign nations. On the issues of black urbanisation, the regulation of nonwhite labour, influx control, social security, farm tariffs, and nonwhite taxation the United Party's policy remained contradictory and confused. He praised her role in the struggle against apartheid. [44] This policy was initially expounded from a theory drafted by Hendrik Verwoerd and was presented to the National Party by the Sauer Commission. Colonialism and apartheid had a major impact on Black and Coloured women, since they suffered both racial and gender discrimination. A 2007 book by Harriet A. Washington on the history of medical experimentation on African Americans is entitled Medical Apartheid. One of the biggest long-term effects on Indians was the distrust of white South Africans. • APARTHEID (noun) The noun APARTHEID has 1 sense:. For all the people commenting about where the word 'Apartheid' originated from, you're missing the … [229][230] The day before the elections, another one went off, injuring 13. John Vorster took office shortly after, and announced that South Africa would no longer dictate to the international community what their teams should look like. In 1990, negotiations were earnestly begun, with two meetings between the government and the ANC. Black town councillors and policemen, and sometimes their families, were attacked with petrol bombs, beaten, and murdered by necklacing, where a burning tyre was placed around the victim's neck, after they were restrained by wrapping their wrists with barbed wire. Of these 20 homelands, 19 were classified as black, while one, Basterland, was set aside for a sub-group of Coloureds known as Basters, who are closely related to Afrikaners. ), Philip Boner, Peter, Delius, Deborah, Posel, "The Shaping of Apartheid, contradiction, continuity and popular struggle", The Worlds Knowledge, (1993) pp. Subsequent judicial inquiries found the evidence of the witnesses to be unreliable or discredited, and that there was no evidence of National Party or police involvement in the massacre. [9] Compulsory military education and in some cases, paramilitary training was introduced for all older white male students at state schools in three South African provinces. 1. In parallel with student protests, labour unions started protest action in 1973 and 1974. [138], The Lusaka Manifesto summarized the political situations of self-governing African countries, condemning racism and inequity, and calling for Black majority rule in all African nations. The AAM changed its name to ACTSA: Action for Southern Africa in 1994, when South Africa achieved majority rule through free and fair elections, in which all races could vote. Prior to 1948, there existed no laws of such. The crowd listening to the reading of his speech erupted in cheers and chants. 1. The Israeli authorities don’t need us to say radical things to impose a backlash on us — it’s something that’s done even when we lower our tone. Join now. On 10 May 1994, Mandela was sworn in as the new President of South Africa. Group Areas Development Act (1955) He was not prepared to dismantle apartheid, but he did try to redress South Africa's isolation and to revitalise the country's global reputation, even those with Black majority rule in Africa. In 1948 it was further disseminated and further laws were introduced to compliment the existing system. The Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 required the use of Afrikaans and English on an equal basis in high schools outside the homelands. [225] He was succeeded as president later that year by F. W. de Klerk. Vorster stated that Blacks were intellectually inferior and had no finesse for the game. Many Indians described a sense of justified superiority from whites due to the apartheid laws that, in the minds of White South Africans, legitimised those feelings. The United Party government began to move away from the rigid enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II. Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923) Answer (1 of 5): Apartheid was derived from the word apart when the blacks were segregated from whites and had different beaches, buses and bars and soc ail contact was thought to be taboo. Barring the predominantly English-speaking landowner electorate of the Natal, the United Party was defeated in almost every rural district. [214] Early reforms were driven by a combination of internal violence, international condemnation, changes within the National Party's constituency, and changing demographics – whites constituted only 16% of the total population, in comparison to 20% fifty years earlier. Extra-parliamentary resistance was largely centred in the South African Communist Party and women's organisation the Black Sash. And, obviously, being gay during apartheid was illegal. [123] Defeated, the protesters called off their strike. [108] By the mid-1950s, Black South Africans would also use media to challenge the "racialisation" of sports in South Africa; anti-apartheid forces had begun to pinpoint sport as the "weakness" of white national morale. The Land Act was brought to an end. Associations with Mozambique followed suit and were sustained after that country won its sovereignty in 1975. One of those protests was held in the township of Sharpeville, where 69 people were killed by police in the Sharpeville massacre. [17] Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated "tribal homelands", also known as bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states. In January 1985, Botha addressed the government's House of Assembly and stated that the government was willing to release Mandela on condition that Mandela pledge opposition to acts of violence to further political objectives. The United Kingdom's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 until the early 1990s. It took decades of activism from both inside and outside the country, … [178] This was accomplished by deterring the supportive foreign population from cooperating with infiltration and thus undermining the insurgents' external sanctuary areas. So-called "self–governing Bantu units" were proposed, which would have devolved administrative powers, with the promise later of autonomy and self-government. Between 1986–88, some petty apartheid laws were repealed, along with the pass laws. During this state of emergency, about 2,436 people were detained under the Internal Security Act. Pre-reading activities Examine the title, images, and the Words to Know on the first page 2. Log in. The government countered swiftly by giving police the authority to arrest people for up to twelve days and detaining many strike leaders amid numerous cases of police brutality. Pretoria: Litera. Bantu Education Act (1953) Citizens of the nominally autonomous homelands also had their South African citizenship circumscribed, meaning they were no longer legally considered South African. From 1964 onwards, the US and the UK discontinued their arms trade with South Africa. It also abolished the seats of white representatives of black South Africans and removed from the rolls the few blacks still qualified to vote. ), Paul, Maylam, "The Rise and Decline of Urban Apartheid in South Africa", African Affairs, 89.354(1990) pp. [111], Chinese South Africans – who were descendants of migrant workers who came to work in the gold mines around Johannesburg in the late 19th century – were initially either classified as "Coloured" or "Other Asian" and were subject to numerous forms of discrimination and restriction. [4] The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day. This was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. In the early-1980s, Botha's National Party government started to recognise the inevitability of the need to reform the apartheid system. [221], Concerned over the popularity of Mandela, Botha denounced him as an arch-Marxist committed to violent revolution, but to appease Black opinion and nurture Mandela as a benevolent leader of Blacks,[208] the government transferred him from the maximum security Robben Island to the lower security Pollsmoor Prison just outside Cape Town; where prison life was more comfortable for him. [15] The Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, and cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloureds", and "Indian", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Immorality Act (1927) The presentation of some South African plays in the United Kingdom and the United States was also vetoed. [209], In July 1979, the Nigerian Government alleged that the Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC) was selling Nigerian oil to South Africa, though there was little evidence or commercial logic for such sales. Apartheid was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990–91, culminating in a transitional period which resulted in the country's 1994 general election, the first in South Africa held with universal suffrage. The law of apartheid came into being with the South African election in 1948. Spouses and children had to be left behind in black homelands. Van der Ross, R. E.; Marais, Johannes Stephanus (1986). A pass was issued only to a black person with approved work. Secondary School. They were required to move to the black "homelands" and set up businesses and practices there. Davies, Rob, Dan O'Meara and Sipho Dlamini. Apartheid—Afrikaans for “apartness”—kept the country’s majority black … South African military intelligence agents were known to have abducted and killed anti-apartheid activists and others suspected of having ties to MK in London and Brussels. [38][better source needed] One of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts' United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill (1946), which banned land sales to Indians and Indian descendent South Africans.[39]. Meanwhile, about 200,000 members of the National Union of Mineworkers commenced the longest strike (three weeks) in South African history. General Law Amendment Act (1963), Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act (1968) Bantustans within the borders of South Africa and South West Africa were classified by degree of nominal self-rule: 6 were "non-self-governing", 10 were "self-governing", and 4 were "independent". Apartheid developed from the racism of colonial factions and due to South Africa's "unique industrialisation". The Bomb – South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons Programme. [115], Alongside apartheid, the National Party implemented a programme of social conservatism. The government could implement curfews controlling the movement of people. [72] The more conservative English speakers supported Verwoerd;[73] others were troubled by the severing of ties with the UK and remained loyal to the Crown. The end of apartheid lifted the illegality of inter-racial marriages that had become … Pass Laws Act (1952) For example, upon the foundation of Transkei, the Swiss-South African Association encouraged the Swiss government to recognise the new state. [178], As it became clearer that full-scale conventional operations could not effectively fulfill the requirements of a regional counter-insurgency effort, South Africa turned to a number of alternative methods. The Security Council also condemned the Soweto massacre in Resolution 392. After the re-acceptance of South Africa's sports teams by the international community, sport played a major unifying role between the country's diverse ethnic groups. As the 1980s progressed, more and more anti-apartheid organisations were formed and affiliated with the UDF. The best-publicised forced removals of the 1950s occurred in Johannesburg, when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of Soweto (an abbreviation for South Western Townships). To reside in a city, blacks had to be in employment there. The word apartheid means "distantiation” in the Afrikaans language. This was the first time a predominantly White nation had taken the side of multiracial sport, producing an unsettling resonance that more "White" boycotts were coming. Black homelands were declared nation-states and pass laws were abolished. Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance. Indemnity Act (1961) Retributive artillery bombardments were the least sophisticated means of reprisal against insurgent attacks. [23] Apartheid legislation was repealed on 17 June 1991,[2] pending multiracial elections held under a universal suffrage set for April 1994. South African troops withdrew from Angola early in 1976, failing to prevent the MPLA from gaining power there, and Black students in South Africa celebrated. Group Areas Act (1950) 54. The Anti-Apartheid Movement persisted in its campaign for South Africa's exclusion, and the IOC acceded in barring the country from the 1964 Olympic Games. [178] There were also high economic and diplomatic costs associated with openly deploying large numbers of South African troops into another country. The two had a friendly discussion, with Mandela comparing the African National Congress' rebellion with that of the Afrikaner rebellion and talking about everyone being brothers. Huge and widespread protests occurred in New Zealand in 1981 against the Springbok tour – the government spent $8,000,000 protecting games using the army and police force. Thus, in an effort to centralise finances, the federations merged in 1951, creating the South African Soccer Federation (SASF), which brought Black, Indian, and Coloured national associations into one body that opposed apartheid. desegregated and re-invented in the service of In 1959, the non-racial South African Sports Association (SASA) was formed to secure the rights of all players on the global field. The Promotion of Black Self-Government Act of 1959 entrenched the NP policy of nominally independent "homelands" for blacks. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835, which effectively changed the status of slaves to indentured labourers. Mandela described violence as the responsibility of the apartheid regime and said that with democracy there would be no need for violence. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters. [151] Sporting and cultural boycotts did not have the same impact as economic sanctions,[citation needed] but they did much to lift consciousness amongst normal South Africans of the global condemnation of apartheid. [48], The first grand apartheid law was the Population Registration Act of 1950, which formalised racial classification and introduced an identity card for all persons over the age of 18, specifying their racial group. How to use anti-apartheid in a sentence. “Food Apartheid” is a more encompassing term than “Food Desert” given that apartheid covers the ways in which lack of access to healthy food and how it is systematic. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. The assassination of Chris Hani on 10 April 1993 threatened to plunge the country into chaos. In D M Smith (ed.). IV c. 73) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. [60] The government then introduced the High Court of Parliament Bill (1952), which gave Parliament the power to overrule decisions of the court. ", marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines, Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament, system of franchise open to men of all races, Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act, Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, Coloured Persons Representative Council Act, Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, Prohibition of Political Interference Act, Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, sexual relations with a person of a different race, Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act, 1991, Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949, Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting), Anti-cultural, anti-national, and anti-ethnic terms, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid, Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia, Paris Peace Conference, 1919#Japanese approach, multiracial elections held under a universal franchise, "South Africa ends racial classifications", "Despite the 1994 political victory against apartheid, its economic legacy persists by Haydn Cornish-Jenkins", "Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy", "De Klerk dismantles apartheid in South Africa", "Why FW de Klerk let Nelson Mandela out of prison", South Africa House of Lords Debate vol 477 cc1159-250, "Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948", "The 1948 election and the National Party Victory", African History: Apartheid Legislation in South Africa, Population Registration Act No 30 of 1950, "Extracts from paper prepared by the Secretariat for the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women, Copenhagen, July 1980 (The anti-pass campaign)", "A Better Life for All? 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And counter-intelligence capability the President 's official residence 4 Will and get more! Organisations of many countries protested and called for economic sanctions against South Africa ' apartheid policy. [ 199..

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